Max Arthur Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion: its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, in six volumes Oxford, 1909six volumes, approximately 350-450 pp. per volume, 22 monochrome lithographed plates across all six volumes, nine photographs of religious buildings and people, anonymous inscriptions dated Calcutta, between 10th September and 1st November 1927, blue cloth 220 x 145 mm.(6)Footnotes:ProvenanceInscriptions dated Calcutta, September-November 1927.Formerly in the Library of Bonebrake Theological Seminary, Trotwood, Ohio (embossed and ink stamps), its name between 1909 and 1954.The six volumes of The Sikh Religion are an impressive achievement, as a feat of writing, of comprehensiveness, and of sheer ability to gather material, both historical and textual. It has remained in print since its publication in 1909 and is the most cited text on the Sikh religion in English.A summary of the contents is as follows:Vol. I, pp. 383, Guru Nanak, his life and writings.Vol. II, pp. 351, the lives and hymns of the second, third and fourth Gurus.Vol. III, pp. 444, the life of Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru, and his hymns, photograph of his shrine.Vol. IV, pp. 421, the lives of the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth Gurus, and the hymns of the ninth, Guru Teg Bahadur, photograph of the Akal Bunga, and the Baba Atal tower, Amritsar. Vol. V, pp. 351, the life of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, his compositions, his stance against idolatry, his epistle to the Emperor Aurangzeb, discussion of the musical measures of his hymns, photographs of the shrine at Fatagarh, Muktsar, the temple at Nander, and an Akali.Vol. VI, pp. 453, various religious texts, including the Bhagats of the Granth Sahib, the life and hymns of Jaidev, and of Namdev, Kabir, and Rav Das, photograph of Namdev's shrine at Ghuman, and of two Sikh holy men, index.The Preface opens: 'I bring from the East what is practically an unknown religion'. While, crucially, presenting the newness and distinctness of Guru Nanak and the Sikh religion, Macauliffe also made connections and drew analogies between it and Western religion and philosophy. In a lecture given in Paris, he stated that he was 'not without hope that when enlightened nations become acquainted with the merits of the Sikh religion, they will not willingly let it perish in the great abyss in which so many creeds have been engulfed'. His translation of the Guru Granth Sahib was the first to be accepted by the Sikh community. He had begun to publish parts of his work as he went along as early as 1897, and in 1900 his partial translation of Sikh scripture was published as Holy Writings of Sikhs, in which he had been assisted by Pratap Singh Giani, a Sikh scholar. He also acknowledges in his preface his debt to the Rajah of Nabha, Sir Rajinder Singh, the late Maharajah of Patiala, Rajah Ranbir Singh, the Rajah of Jind, and Sardar Ranjit Singh of Chichrauli. The Rajah of Nabha, in particular, for instance, 'has at considerable expense caused the thirty-one Indian rags, or musical measures, to which the hymns of the Gurus were composed, to be written out in European musical notation by a professional musician whom he employed for the purpose' (preface, p. xxvi). But it was to be sixteen years from his resignation from the Civil Service until the final publication of his magnum opus.For a good account of Macauliffe's work and career, see Harbans Lal, 'The Western Gateway to Sikhism: the life and works of Max Arthur Macauliffe', in K. Brown, Sikh Art and Literature, London 1999, pp. 129-142.Max Arthur Macauliffe (1841-1913)Macauliffe was born in Limerick, Ireland, and was educated at Queen's College, Galway. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1862 and was posted to the Punjab in 1864, becoming a deputy commissioner at Ferozpur in 1882 and a divisional judge in the same district in 1884. Born a Protestant, he converted to the Sikh religion (while not adopting its external signifiers) and resigned his position in the ICS in 1893. At the time he was derided by his employers for having 'turned a Sikh'. He lived at Amritsar and soon became deeply interested in the Sikh religion. Between 1875 and 1881 he published four articles on Sikhism in the Calcutta Review and had begun to learn the languages of the Guru Granth Sahib.The India Office had commissioned a German missionary and scholar, Dr Ernest Trumpp, who had learned Arabic, Sanskrit, Hindi and Sindhi, to translate the Granth into English, but the partial translation (Trumpp had given up after seven years in despair), which appeared in 1877, was unacceptable, indeed offensive, to many Sikhs. Macauliffe undertook a new translation with the encouragement of Sikh scholars and other figures in the community. He received finanical assistance from Rajah Bikram Singh of Faridkot, as well as Rajah Hira Singh of Nabha, Maharajah Rajinder Singh of Patiala, Rajah Ranbir Singh of Jind, amongst others. Though he saw his labours as serving the political interests of the Sikhs, he by no means saw them as anti-imperial. He saw the Sikhs as potential allies for the British, in a pamphlet with the significant title A lecture on the Sikh religion and its advantages to the state.He employed gianis (professional interpreters of the Sikh scriptures) to help him. In an unprecedented decision, Macauliffe asked that the completed work be scrutinised by a committee of Sikh scriptural scholars, who suggested various emendations and gave it their seal of approval, both linguistic and theological. As well as translating the Granth, he decided to include biographies of the ten gurus of Sikhism and of the Bhagats, the Sant poets whose works also appear in the Granth. When he completed his work, he moved to England, accompanied by his great friend and adviser, Bhai Kahn Singh, the celebrated Sikh scholar, who helped him correct the proofs of his book. In 1909 the Clarendon Press, Oxford, published Macauliffe's The Sikh Religion. Macauliffe, who was unmarried, died in West Kensington, London, on 15 March 1913. His personal assistant remarked in his memoirs that on his death bed, MacAuliffe could be heard reciting the Sikh morning prayer, Japji Sahib, ten minutes before he died. The Sikh Educational Conference passed a vote of condolence and the Sikhs of Rawalpindi set up a Macauliffe Memorial Society to raise funds to establish a library in his memory, but the amount collected was insufficient. Among those who subscribed, and sent a letter of support, was the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer. The money was eventually given to Khalsa College, Amritsar, to fund an annual Macauliffe Memorial Medal for the best student in Sikh theology and history. The medal is still awarded on an occasional basis. (Partially adapated from the Dictionary of Irish Biography).For a fine and rare copy of Macauliffe's text, presented by the author to the Duke of Connaught in the year of publication, see the sale in these rooms, Bonhams, Islamic and Indian Art, 21st May 2024, lot 195.This lot is subject to the following lot symbols: •• Zero rated for VAT, no VAT will be added to the Hammer Price or the Buyer's Premium.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com