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Click here to subscribeCirca 1340 AD. A Western medieval cervelliere's or early bascinet skull in iron, probably Italian, the dome bowl following the shape of the skull, narrower on the front and wider at the occipital bone; the protection of the area is wider than in the usual cervelliere, and all around the rim of the helmet the fastening holes to the inner felt or leather lining, or the sewing to a textile cap, are visible. See Boccia G.L., Rossi F., Morin M., Armi e Armature Lombarde, Milano, 1980; Nicolle, D., Italian Medieval Armies, 1300-1500, London, 1983; Vignola, M., I reperti metallici del castello superiore di Attimis, in Quaderni Friulani,di Archeologia, XIII, 2003, pp.63-81; Scalini, M., A bon droyt, Spade di uomini liberi, cavalieri e Santi/Epées d'hommes libres, chevaliers et saints, Milano, 2007. 881 grams, 22cm (8 1/2"). From an important private family collection of arms and armour; acquired on the European art market in the 1980s, and thence by descent; accompanied by an academic report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato. The cervelliere was a very common skull protection since the 13th century Italy, made of metal and shaped like a simple skull. It (from Latin cervellerium, cerebrarium, cerebrerium or cerebotarium) was a helmet basic typology developed in Middle Ages. It was made of a single piece of cup-shaped metal covering the top of the skull and could be worn over or under the hauberk and other typologies of heavier helmets. Over time, the cervelliere experienced several evolutions. Many helmets became increasingly pointed and the back of the skull cap elongated to cover the neck, thus developing into the bascinet. The skull protection of our specimen has parallels with the helmets worn by the warriors represented in the killing of the innocents painted in the Church of Saint'Abbondio, Como, dated at 1340 AD (Boccia, Rossi, Morin, fig.10 pp.30-31), which Boccia correctly classified like cervelliere. This specimen is therefore still a cervelliere, or eventually an early form of bascinet of which the cervelliere was the ancestor, although this specimen begins the transformation of the simple skull in the wider bowl that, fitted with a peak, will give origin to the bascinet. Its conformation distinguishes it from the various similar head protections classified as bascinet in the 15th century. The statement that we are still dealing with a cervelliere is based on the morphological data of the object. The shape, above all, is markedly hemispherical, tightening towards the front and falling slightly on the nape. A similar skull is visible on the cerviellere found in the castle of Attimis (Italy, Trentino Alto-Adige), recently published by Vignola (Vignola, 2003, pp.66 ff."). Differently from the usual cervelliere, the bowl shows side protections, and the sides are protecting also the ears, which is not the characteristic of the usual cervelliere. The type then turned out to define in anatomical way and adherent to the skull. Another characteristic trend is the series of holes visible all along the lower edge, from front to the neck. Correctly Vignola suggested, by analysing the specimen of Attimis, that such parallel holes were destined to receive the sewing, to fasten the helmet with a falsata (padded or quilted headgear"). The presence of similar holes in the other helmets of the same category was absolutely fundamental to allow a similar helmet to be worn, as well as to absorb the trauma of a stroke directed towards the plain surface of the cervelliere skull. The falsata had probability the possibility to be fitted with stripes for the protection of the nape, and of thongs to fasten the helmet under chin, too. Moreover, a cap was sometimes worn over the helmet, forming an external textile headgear prolonged over the ears (Nicolle, 1983, pl.B2), often visible in the iconography of the period and considered like a civilian cap by many art historians not particularly skilled in the military equipment study. Most probably our specimen is from a battlefield or a river find. The piece is in good condition and considering the rarity a high start price is expected. Under the profile of the chronology such protections for the head had a long life, from 13th until 16th century, however, conforming with the date proposed by Vignola for the piece of Attimis, the specific morphology of the helmet found precise elements of comparison with the 14th century iconography. By looking at the helmet from the sides, it shows a typical gleaning towards the lower edge, raising to the brow part. This is visible on many cervelliere and bascinets of the 14th century, on the prototypes visible in the so-called biadaiolo (code of the mid-14th century) of the Medicean Laurentian Library in Florence, in the already quoted frescoes of Saint Abbondius and even in some cervelliere represented in the Manesse Code. The ancient sources call such type of objects bascinet, having the shape of a basin or basin without lip, although the shape of the helmet that is modernly designated with this name, has a rather ogival shape as for the head gears of the second half of the fourteenth century. Cervelliere or early bascinets like our specimen, may be dated to the first half of the 14th century, but the formal adherence to the progression of the skull makes it difficult to secure a chronological staggering. However, an artifact examined by Scalini, datable to 1330, from Perugia, shows protective side parts like this specimen, which descend to protect the ears, and allowed also a more comfortable overlap to the knitted shirt. This specimen was used to draw water from a well, until that is was not recognised for its importance. (Scalini, 2007, pp.106-107"). Anecdotally, medieval literature credits the invention of the cervellière to astrologer Michael Scot (Michele Scoto) in 1223. This history is not seriously entertained by most scholars, but in the Chronicon Nonantulanum is recorded that the astrologer devised the iron-plate cap shortly before his own predicted death, which he still inevitably met when a stone weighing two ounces fell on his protected head. Fine condition. Extremely rare.
CA. 900 AD Rare Viking period silver ring; composed of the oval hoop; forming thick bezel; depicting a large flying bird; possibly a mythological artifact. Good, wearable condition; D:21mm/L:28mm; UK W US 11; 13gr; Provenance: Property of a Harlow town professional; previously in a 1990s collection.
Ca.200 AD. Ancient Roman silver ring with d-shaped hoop forming an oval-shaped bezel; decorated shoulders; with applied gold insert depicting a winged Victory holding a laurel wreath. Interesting artifact, possibly legionary. Wearable; Fine Condition; ID:23mm/L:28mm/W:29mm; 22.5gr; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany.
Ca.1000 AD. Interesting wearable Viking era silver ring with a clasped bezel holding shiny green gem; representing the eye of the dragon Fafnir- mythological artifact. Fine Condition; D:18mm/L:22mm; UK P US 8; 3gr; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK and European art market.
Ca.200 AD. Ancient Roman silver ring; formed by a round hoop; rectangular-shaped bezel; decorated shoulders; Interesting artifact, possibly legionary ;Wearable; Fine Condition; D:20mm/L:23mm; UK U ;US 10; 4.5gr; Property of a professional London art expert; obtained from an old British collection formed in the 1970/80s.
Ca.1000 AD. Interesting wearable Viking period silver ring with a clasped bezel holding shiny red gem; possibly representing the eye of the dragon Fafnir- mythological artifact. Fine Condition D:19mm/L:26mm; UK S US 9; 5.5gr; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK and European art market.
Ca.800 BC. An exceptional Celtic bronze necklace formed by coiled conical beads; wolf teeth; and umbo shape amulets; Very rare artifact, possibly owned by a druid. Good Condition; L:680mm; 26.77in 70gr; wearable; Provenance: Property of a professional Ancient art and jewellery expert; initially from a private British collection formed in 1970-1990.
Ca.1200 AD. An superb Islamic Seljukmedieval bronze bowl; extra-large size; elaborate calligraphy; decorated with geometric and floral motifs; Superb artifact; 335x140mm13.19x5.51in;1650gr;Provenance: From an old Professional British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1970s, All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with professional Certificate of Authenticity.
Ca.200 AD. Rare Gandhara carved schist stone figurine of an elephant and rider; Unique gandharan artifact, possibly representing Alexander the Great's invasion of India (based on comparison with coin iconography and the fact that the Gandharan Kingdom was formed by the Greek settlers that came after Alexander) Good Condition; on a custom made stand; 205x175mm 8.07x6.89in; 2200gr; Provenance: From an old Professional British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1970s, All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with professional Certificate of Authenticity.
Ca.900 AD. Superb, wearable Viking ring with a runic script; central section depicting the Raven of god Odin (Hugin or Munin); mythological artifact. Good Condition; wearable; D:16mm/L:20mm UK SIZE M; US SIZE 6; 6.5gr;Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany. All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with a professional Certificate of Authenticity.
Jean-Michel Basquiat (American, 1960-1988). "To Repel Ghosts [poster]". Color offset lithograph. 1986. Signed in black marker, upper center. Edition unknown, probably small. Light cream wove paper. The full sheet. Fine impression. Fine condition. Overall size: 33 1/8 x 24 1/4 in. (841 x 616 mm). A rare poster, very rare when signed. No non-internet auction sales located. We did find an example offered with pre-sale estimates of $5,000/7,000 at artnet auctions, December 20, 2012, apparently going unsold. Issued for the highly important exhibition entitled "Jean-Michel Basquiat" at Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hannover, November 28, 1986 to January 25, 1987. Basquiat died on August 12, 1988. His "To Repel Ghosts" series takes its title "after the Swiss diplomat Claudio Caratsch, who worked for many years in Africa, explained to Basquiat that often African art and artifacts served the everyday functions of repelling ghosts. In 1986’s acrylic on wood, resembling a boarded up window or storefront, Basquiat paints the phrase across the middle panel of wood and underneath places a “TM” (for "trademarked"). Like most hip-hop artists, Basquiat was acutely aware of branding’s value; the utilitarian function of everyday art and artifact (“to repel ghosts”) becomes an advertising slogan in a proprietary field that uses, abuses, and ultimately disabuses artists of the romance of art as above and beyond market forces. But oil works using the same slogan and from the same year show Basquiat effacing the phrase, placing black paint over the ghosts, in effect repelling (etymologically, to push back) the repelling of ghosts, as if trying to rescue the idea’s intention from profane sloganeering." (courtesy Alessandro Porco). Image copyright © Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [28407-6-600]
Ca.1100 AD. A fantastic Viking artifact with slightly tapered tubular socket with opposed piercings, finial in the shape of a bird's head with hooked beak representing Odin's Ravens; Huginn, Muninn; In Norse mythology, Huginn And Muninn are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard, and bring information to the god Odin.Good Condition; wearable;Size: 35mm;1.38in;20gr;Provenance: Private Kent collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK art market, All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with professional Certificate of Authenticity.
Ca.1000 AD. Interesting wearable Viking silver ring with a clasped bezel holding shiny green gem; representing the eye of the dragon Fafnir- mythological artifact. Fine Condition ; Inner diameter: 19mm; outer diameter: 25mm ring size UK R; US 9; 5.5gr; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK and European art market. All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with professional Certificate of Authenticity.
CA.400 BC. Rare Etruscan head of a Goddess on custom made stand. Intricate hair style and curls and very prominent facial features. A nice artifact, great example of the Hellenistic influence in the East. Good Condition; H:118mm/223mm (4.64in, 8.77in) (with stand); 390 gr; Provenance: Property of a central London Ancient Art Gallery; previously obtained from a British private collection formed in the 1980s.
Ca.900 AD. Superb, wearable Viking ring with runic script inlayed wuth original blue glass enamel; central section depicting the Raven of god Odin (Hugin or Munin) in gold; mythological artifact. Good Condition; Inner diameter: 20mm; outer diameter: 26mm ring size UK U; US 10; 13gr; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK and European art market. All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with professional Certificate of Authenticity.
Clockwork movie camera with lens, original case.Art Deco era artifact produced during the golden age of cameras. Zeiss Ikon camera lens, leather strap. Affixed manufacturers metal spec plate written in German. Original manufacturers velvet lined, hard leather case with metal locking mechanism. Issued: c. 1935 Dimensions: 7.5"L x 8.25"H x 3"W Manufacturer: Zeiss Ikon Country of Origin: Germany Condition: Wear to leather case. Age and use related wear, as is.
Ancient Middle East, South Arabia, Qatabanian culture, ca. 3rd century BCE to 1st century CE. A striking pale yellow-white stone slab, a high-relief funerary stele, with a carved abstract human face presenting an inverted triangular profile, a slender nose between almond-shaped eyes, slender lips, and perky ears, all beneath a tall forehead. The tall, rectangular plaque has flat faces and peripheries, and a three-character name of "Aws," a popular name during this time, inscribed below the face. Lightly-drilled recesses denoting the pupils suggest the eyes were at one time adorned with bright colors, and faint traces of original orange-red pigment are still visible around the peripheries. Size: 7.5" W x 14.875" H (19 cm x 37.8 cm); 18" H (45.7 cm) on included custom stand.The deceased in this part of the world were often represented by anthropomorphic funerary stelae like this one; however, the face is highly stylized and it is doubtful that this is a portrait of a known individual. They have been found in three areas, one of which was the cemetery at Tamna, the capital city of Qataban. The Kingdom of Qataban rose to prominence in the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, because it controlled the trade in frankincense and myrrh, incenses required to be burned at altars during religious rituals further north and west. A haunting and rare artifact, certain to spark conversation, and a reminder of the deeper history of the Middle East.For a stylistically-similar example, please see The British Museum, museum number 1995,0124.1: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=271702&partId=1&searchText=arabian+ancient&page=1Another stylistically-similar example of a slightly-smaller size hammered for $11,875 at Christie's Special Exhibition Gallery Antiquities auction (sale 2490, December 7, 2011, lot 23): https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/ancient-art-antiquities/a-south-arabian-limestone-pillar-stela-for-5509059-details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=5509059&sid=e325e265-8cd6-48be-8023-2e89624dfaa4 Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection; ex-private Connecticut, USA collection, acquired in the 1970s; ex-private collection, acquired in the 1930s and 1940s Condition: Losses along edges and bottom as shown. Face is nicely preserved as are the letters at the base. Minor abrasions to obverse, peripheries, and reverse, with fading to original pigmentation. Light earthen deposits throughout. All items legal to buy/sell under U.S. Statute covering cultural patrimony Code 2600, CHAPTER 14, and are guaranteed to be as described or your money back. A Certificate of Authenticity will accompany all winning bids. We ship worldwide and handle all shipping in-house for your convenience. #144096
CA. 700 AD. Important Frankish gold disc pendant with decorated applied loop. The edge part of the pendant is elaborately decorated with numerous garnet stones; the central panel is applies with a large round garnet cobochon. Rare artifact in wearable condition. 45.5 mm / 25.20 grams. From a private North London collection of antiquities and Ancient Art; previously acquired on the European art market in the 1970s. All Items sold by Pax Romana Auctions come with a professional Certificate of Authenticity and FREE domestic and international shipping.
Superb Medieval, Viking era silver ring with cross shaped bezel applied with an amber gem; well preserved oval shaped band. Elegant and wearable artifact. - 16mm(inner diameter), 4,43 grams - ca.700-900AD - From an old British collection, acquired in York in the 1990s, brought by Jerusalem in the 1960s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
Superb Medieval, Viking era silver ring with cross shaped bezel applied with a "sparkling" gem; well preserved oval shaped band. Elegant and wearable artifact. - 18mm(inner diameter), 5,52 grams - ca.700-900AD - Property of a York collector; acquired in the 1980s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
Superb Medieval, Viking era silver ring with cross shaped bezel applied with purple gem; well preserved oval shaped band. Elegant and wearable artifact. - 19mm (inner diameter), 5,72 grams - ca700-900AD - Property of a York collector; acquired in the 1980s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
A bronze staff terminal shaped as an eagle, also referred to as a whip terminal. Interesting artifact; nice patination. - 50mm, 34,5 grams - ca.900-1100AD - From a private collection, acquired in London in the 1970s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
Scandinavian Viking bronze bracelet decorated with Dragon (Fafnir) head terminals; important mythological artifact. - 70mm, 87,5 grams - ca.900-1100AD - From an important British collection, purchased in Europe in the 1980s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
A nicely patinated Medieval spur set with green heart stylised design; lovely equestrian artifact. - 130x53x45mm, 120 grams - ca.1200AD - From an important British collection, purchased in Europe in the 1980s. - All items come with Free International postage, accompanied by a signed Certificate of Authenticity .
A brass Chinese laughing Buddha seated in a chair with dragon arm rests, the Buddha's feet are resting on coins and holding a fold ingot in one hand and a bag of money in the other to bring wealth, 19th century. Provenance: from an old Brighton oriental collection. The artifact is in very fine condition, weighs 1.98kg and measures 134 mm tall.
Chad, P 8, Linzmayer B207a, Banque des États de L'Afrique Centrale, 5000 Francs, 1 January 1980. Young boy holding paper printed UNION DOUANIERE (customs union); men with goats, cattle, bales of cotton, banana stalks; burlap bags of coffee beans, and cocao pods; mosque, thatched huts, St. Anne’s Basilica in Brazzaville; carved wooden artifact on front. Signatures Casimir Marie Ange Oyé-Mba - Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane. Carved wooden artifact; ships in river and at pier; train crossing bridge; descending jet plane; tractor hauling lumber; high-voltage tower and lines; man with goatee smoking pipe on back., # F.1 000543104., PMG 67 EPQ, Superb Gem UNC
Equatorial African States, P 6s, Linzmayer B204as, Banque Centrale, 5000 Francs, (1963), Chad, SPECIMEN. Young boy holding paper printed UNION DOUANIERE (customs union); men with goats, cattle, bales of cotton, banana stalks; burlap bags of coffee beans, and cocao pods; mosque, thatched huts, St. Anne’s Basilica in Brazzaville; carved wooden artifact on front. Signatures Claude Panouillot - Georges Gautier. Carved wooden artifact; ships in river and at pier; train crossing bridge; descending jet plane; tractor hauling lumber; high-voltage tower and lines; man with goatee smoking pipe on back. Diagonal black overprint SPECIMEN No 0074 in upper left corner on front. Diagonal black overprint SPECIMEN on back. Perforated SPECIMEN., # O.00 A 000000., PMG 64 NET, Choice UNC (Minor foreign substance)
A rare unopened 1.5-litre bottle of wine allegedly made to celebrate Adolf Hitler's 55th birthday, 'Fuhrerwein Schwazer Tafelwein' 1944 together with 1 bottle 1940 Deutche (sic) Reichs Rotwein These two bottles look extremely authentic with glass, labels and seals that reflect that era. However there is much sceptical and controversial historic reference backing up the details. Recent reports state that the wine was commissioned by Hitler (who was 'famously teetotal) as gifts for his general staff. The label on the bottle carries an image of an eagle on top of a swastika and a stamp of the Reichszeugmeisterei, the central office that supplied Nazi equipment. The wine itself is 12 per cent ABV Schwarzer Tafelwein - 'black table wine' - thought to have been made in Germany but, despite a wax seal on the bottle, it is likely that it would now be undrinkable. “Adolf Hitler, it has been claimed, had commissioned the red wine to be made for his 55th birthday to give as presents to his general staff. He was so self-obsessed that he called the wine Fuhrerwein and insisted the label carried a picture of himself on it. Less than one year after it was made Hitler was dead and the war was all but over. The bottle is a rare 1.5-litre magnum. It is believed by some that the bottle is an important historical artifact - it is certainly not a bottle that you would come across very often, if at all.” Please Note: Wright Marshall is unable to confirm or guarantee the authenticity of this Lot.
Ancient Egypt, Pre-Dynastic Period, Gerzeran Period, ca. 3000 BCE. This is a smooth, pointed, tapered and rectangular greenish gray stone, carved. This is a very early artifact from the beginning of the Egyptian civilization. Size: 4" L x 2.4" W x .25" H (10.2 cm x 6.1 cm x 0.6 cm)These materials were used by the Egyptians to make cosmetics for eye paint and eye protection. They are found in plain geometric forms, such as this example, as well as stylized animals. Provenance: Ex-collection A.T., London, acquired before 1993 Condition: Minor chips and damaged corners. Wear and deposits on surface. All items legal to buy/sell under U.S. Statute covering cultural patrimony Code 2600, CHAPTER 14, and are guaranteed to be as described or your money back. A Certificate of Authenticity will accompany all winning bids. We ship worldwide and handle all shipping in-house for your convenience. #116211
*Manuscript Frisket sheet fragments. A pair of fragments from a Missale Romanum, from the memorial 'Pius episcopus...ad perpetuam res memoriam', probably France 15th century; subsequently reused as a printing mask 'Frisket' and overprinted in red ink in the early 16th century, comprising two vellum fragments cut from a larger leaf, recto with a total of 10 lines of manuscript text in black & red, one initial in blue and one larger initial in red, with six lines of music on 4-line red staves, verso with 17 lines of manuscript text in black, with three lines of music on 4-line red staves, the reverse also heavily overprinted with letterpress text in red ink when reused as a frisket mask, and subsequently cut into strips (two in this case) and reused as strengthening in a binding, maximum dimensions of each fragment 215 x 48mm (approximately 8.5 x 1.75 inches) and 212 x 43mm (approximately 8.25 x 1.75 inches), combined maximum dimensions 232 x 90mm (approximately 9.25 x 3.5 inches) This pair of fragments were discovered in a folio 3 volume Greek & Latin Bible, "Vetus Testamentum..." published Paris: Nicolaum Buon, 1628 (Darlow & Moule 4674), when undergoing restoration in the 1990s. See Margaret M. Smith, "Fragments used for 'Servile' Purposes: The St Bride Library Frisket for Early Red Printing," in Linda L. Brownrigg and Margaret M. Smith, eds., Interpreting and Collecting Fragments of Medieval Books (Los Altos Hills, Calif.: Red Gull Press, 2000), pp.177-188; and noted by Smith in the St. Bride Journal 'Ultrabold 3' (2007): "The Red-Printing Frisket at St. Bride Library." Elizabeth Savage (Upper). "Red Frisket Sheets, c.1490-1700: The Earliest Artefacts of Colour Printing in the West." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 108, no. 4 (December 2014): pp.477-522. "This complex object, a manuscript leaf that was re-used first as a frisket sheet for printing selected text in red in one book and then in the pasteboard in the binding of another, is the earliest artifact of any color printing process in the West." (2)
Rare fragment of marble from the desk of Adolf Hitler, in Reich Chancellery, Berlin - with applied silver plaque, which reads - 'From Hitler's desk in Chancellery Presented to me by Air Vice Marshal Davidson Berlin Oct. 1945'. With provenance detailing how the original piece was smuggled out of the Chancellery before being broken up into three fragments, with one being gifted to Winston Churchill and the other two being sold at auctions, where this fragment was acquired by the actor Ronald Squire, who later gifted it to The League of Remembrance, who have had it in their possession ever since. A fascinating historical artifact. Sold in Aid of The League of Remembrance
Tirptiz Decking Artifact framed presentation. Lovely piece, measuring 9x7.5 inches, in a blue box frame, consisting of a section of the decking from the German Battlship Tirpitz. The fragment itself measures around 5.5 inches! Presented underneath a black and white photo and there is also a genuine autograph underneath of Colin Cole who flew with the famous 617 Squadron on attacks on the Tirpitz during World War Two. Good condition. All signed items come with a Certificate of Authenticity and can be shipped worldwide.
*Manuscript Frisket sheet fragment. A pair of fragments from a liturgical manuscript with musical notation, probably France 15th century; subsequently reused as a printing mask 'Frisket' and overprinted in red ink in the early 16th century, comprising two vellum fragments cut from a larger leaf, recto with a total of 10 lines of manuscript text in black & red, one initial in blue and one larger initial in red, with six lines of music on 4-line red staves, verso with 17 lines of manuscript text in black, with three lines of music on 4-line red staves, the reverse also heavily overprinted with letterpress text in red ink when reused as a frisket mask, and subsequently cut into strips (two in this case) and reused as strengthening in a binding, maximum dimensions of each fragment 215 x 48mm (approximately 8.5 x 1.75 inches) and 212 x 43mm (approximately 8.25 x 1.75 inches), combined maximum dimensions 232 x 90mm (approximately 9.25 x 3.5 inches) This pair of fragments were discovered in a folio 3 volume Greek & Latin Bible, "Vetus Testamentum..." published Paris: Nicolaum Buon, 1628 (Darlow & Moule 4674), when undergoing restoration in the 1990s. Refer to Dominic Winter 2nd March 2016 auction, lot 331 and the following lot below, which were also discovered in the same set of volumes. Friskets are a rare survival which illustrate the early printing of books in red and black ink. They were often disposed of once their use had ended and therefore only a few examples survive. A frisket was a sheet of material which was used during the early printing process. It was placed between the paper and the printing block, to mask off and protect unprinted areas of the paper sheet from stray ink, allowing all but the red rubrics to be printed through. As a result of this technique the frisket sheet was overprinted in red letterpress. Early printers often recycled medieval manuscript leaves for this purpose, and some were then reused during the bookbinding process. See Margaret M. Smith, "Fragments used for 'Servile' Purposes: The St Bride Library Frisket for Early Red Printing," in Linda L. Brownrigg and Margaret M. Smith, eds., Interpreting and Collecting Fragments of Medieval Books (Los Altos Hills, Calif.: Red Gull Press, 2000), pp.177-188; and noted by Smith in the St. Bride Journal 'Ultrabold 3' (2007): "The Red-Printing Frisket at St. Bride Library." Elizabeth Savage (Upper). "Red Frisket Sheets, c.1490-1700: The Earliest Artefacts of Colour Printing in the West." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 108, no. 4 (December 2014): pp.477-522. "This complex object, a manuscript leaf that was re-used first as a frisket sheet for printing selected text in red in one book and then in the pasteboard in the binding of another, is the earliest artifact of any color printing process in the West." Additional information. The frisket sheet is from the memorial 'Pius episcopus...ad perpetuam res memoriam’ normally on the first couple of folios of every edition of the Missale Romanum. With grateful thanks to Dr. Elizabeth Savage, Cambridge University for this information. (2)