A LUDUAN-FORM BRONZE CENSER, MING DYNASTYChina, 1368-1644. Finely cast standing foursquare, the chest of the hollow body with a long strip of scaling, the sides with swirls and stylized ruyi-heads, flanking a short tail. The hinged cover rendered in the form of a single-horned head with bulging eyes, scrolling mane, and funnel-shaped ears, the mouth wide open revealing tongue and teeth.Provenance: Galerie Gross, Wiesbaden, Germany, 12 December 1980. An old German private collection, according to the family acquired from the above, and thence by descent. Condition: Very good condition with expected old wear and casting irregularities. The hinge original and remarkably well-preserved, thus functioning properly. A few minuscule nicks and small dents. Naturally grown, rich and very dark patina overall.Weight: 4,612 g Dimensions: Height 30 cm (excl. base, incl. pegs) and 33.5 cm (incl. base)With an old wood base. (2)The throne of the Emperor of China in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing has two incense burners shaped as luduan, the legendary auspicious creatures who can travel 18,000 li (9,000 km) in a single day and speak all world languages. A legend says that a luduan once appeared to Genghis Khan and convinced him to abandon his efforts to conquer India.Luduan are mythical creatures with strong lion bodies, a single horn and the paws of a bear. They are believed to have the ability to foretell the future, give life to the good, and kill the evil. According to legend, they were originally known as 'jiaoduan', and their name changed to 'luduan' because the character for 'lu' matched their appearance better. Known as guardians of enlightened rulers, luduan were said to appear in areas where a wise and virtuous leader was present.The auspicious nature of luduan was particularly appropriate for the purpose of these censers. Cast with hinged or removable heads, they were made for burning incense and smoke would emerge from the beast's mouth, animating and empowering the sculpture. As Chuimei Ho and Bennet Bronson note in their discussion of a pair of Qianlong cloisonne enamel examples from the Palace Museum, Beijing, included in the exhibition 'Splendors of China's Forbidden City, The Glorious Reign of Emperor Qianlong' by The Field Museum, Chicago, 2004, these burners were traditionally valued at the Imperial Court, as with their open mouths and smoke billowing forth, they were a reminder to the emperor that he should always be receptive to honest advice (see page 37).The origin of incense burners of this form is difficult to determine. An example attributed to the Song dynasty was recovered from the Ming dynasty tomb of the scholar-official Zhang Shupei (1552-1615) in Tonglian, Sichuan (Wenwu, 1989, no. 7, pp 45-46, figs 14-16). Mythical beast incense burners, however, became a popular model only from the Xuande period onwards. A censer in the form of a mythological animal was included in the painting 'Enjoying Antiquities' by Du Jin (ca. 1467-1505), where two scholars are depicted scrutinizing a selection of antiquities (illustrated in Through the Prism of the Past, Antiquarian Trends in Chinese Art of the 16th to 18th Century, National Palace Museum, Taipei, 2003, catalog no. I-44). A drawing of a similar beast is also published in the Shizu zhai jian pu (Ten Bamboo Studio Catalogue of Letter Paper Designs), a woodblock printed book of stationery papers from 1645, compiled by Hu Zhengyan and illustrated in Ip Yee and Laurence C.S. Tam, Chinese Bamboo Carving, volume 1, Hong Kong, 1978, page 179, figure 15. Its popularity continued well into the Kangxi reign, when censers of this form were made in a variety of media, including porcelain, cloisonne enamel, and bronze.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely related Auction: Christie's Hong Kong, 4 April 2017, lot 60 Price: HKD 350,000 or approx. EUR 49,500 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing Description: A Rare Bronze Luduan-Form Censer, Yuan-Ming Dynasty (1279-1644)Expert remark: Note the similar size (35.2 cm) Auction result comparison: Type: Closely related Auction: Christie's Hong Kong, 3 June 2015, lot 2870 Price: HKD 275,000 or approx. EUR 40,500 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing Description: A Bronze Luduan-Form Censer and Cover, Late Ming Dynasty, 17th CenturyExpert remark: Note the smaller size (23 cm)明代甪端銅香薰中國,1368-1644年。銅香薰,作獨角甪端形象,昂首傲立,蹲伏狀。雙目圓瞪,發須如火焰紋,前胸配以纓絡鈴鐺,身體兩側有如意狀紋飾,頭部與身體相分開。腹部中空,設計巧妙。體態飽滿圓潤。 來源:德國威斯巴登Galerie Gross藝廊,1980年12月12日;一個德國私人收藏,在同一家族保存至今。 品相:狀況極好,有磨損和鑄造不規則現象。原始鉸鏈且保存完好,因此可以正常使用。一些微小的刻痕和小凹痕。自然包漿細膩。 重量:4,612 克 尺寸:高 30 厘米 (不含底座,含釘子),33.5 厘米 (不含底座) 木底座。(2)